Radish cultivar tbg 38

ABSTRACT

A radish cultivar, designated TBG 38, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of radish cultivar TBG 38, to the plants of radish cultivar TBG 38 and to methods for producing a radish plant by crossing the cultivar TBG 38 with itself or another radish cultivar. The invention further relates to methods for producing a radish plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic radish plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to radish cultivars or breeding cultivars and plant parts derived from radish cultivar TBG 38, to methods for producing other radish cultivars, lines or plant parts derived from radish cultivar TBG 38 and to the radish plants, varieties, and their parts derived from the use of those methods. The invention further relates to hybrid radish seeds, plants, and plant parts produced by crossing cultivar TBG 38 with another radish cultivar.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new and distinctive radish cultivar, designated TBG 38 (Raphanus sativus L.). All publications cited in this application are herein incorporated by reference.

There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable plant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important traits may include higher yield, rounder shape, smoother texture, hypocotyl size, higher seed yield, improved color, resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance to drought and heat, as well as better agronomic quality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination and stand establishment, growth rate, and maturity is important.

All cultivated forms of radish belong to the family Cruciferae (alt. Brassicaceae) and are grown for their edible hypocotyl. Radishes are believed to be native to China and appear to be one of the first European crops introduced into the Americas. There are numerous types of radishes produced throughout the world, with many sizes, colors (white, various shades of red, and black) and shapes (such as round, oblong, and long) available. In the United States, the most familiar type of radish is the small, red globe table radish, which can be found in supermarkets year-round. Generally, commercial radishes are grown wherever environmental conditions permit the production of an economically viable yield. In the United States, the top producing states for radishes (Raphanus sativus) are Florida, California, Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio. Radish is consumed mainly raw as a salad ingredient, tray vegetable, or garnish, but can also be eaten as a cooked or pickled vegetable. The primary known nutritional value provided by radishes is Vitamin C.

Radish is a quick growing, primarily annual, cool season root vegetable that matures in three to six weeks, depending on weather conditions and variety. Radishes prefer cool and moist conditions for best growth, with the optimum temperature between 50 to 65° F. The flavor of the radish is also dependent on the temperature, with cooler temperatures producing milder radishes. Hot summer temperatures cause radishes to crack, become pithy, and develop a strong flavor. Radishes remain in prime condition only for a few days at room temperature, as the edible hypocotyls remain in marketable condition only a short time before becoming pithy.

The radish (Raphanus sativus) is an extremely variable vegetable that can be categorized according to the season when it is grown, such as spring or summer radishes, or winter varieties. Some radishes are annuals, little more than 4 inches (10 cm) tall at maturity, and some are biennials, going to seed in their second growing season, and topping out at over 6 ft (1.8 m) in height. Most radish types are grown for their enlarged hypocotyls, and there is great variation in size, shape and color. Some are small “salad radishes” with red skins or pure white throughout. These are mostly cool-season annuals, harvested young and usually eaten raw. Other radishes get huge, up to 60 lb (27 kg). Most of these “Daikon” types commonly have elongated white roots, are harvested after a longer growing season, and often cooked before eating. Some radish cultivars are grown just for the seed pods which are delicious raw, pickled or in stir fry. These are called rat-tailed radishes in the Far East. Other radish cultivars are grown for the high quality oil that is extracted from the seeds. There are even cultivars grown for the leaves, which are cooked as potherbs, and some grown for sprouting.

Radish is an important and valuable vegetable crop. Thus, a continuing goal of radish plant breeders is to develop stable, high yielding radish cultivars that are agronomically sound. To accomplish this goal, the radish breeder must select and develop radish plants that have the traits that result in superior cultivars.

The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described in conjunction with systems, tools and methods which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. In various embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems have been reduced or eliminated, while other embodiments are directed to other improvements.

According to the invention, there is provided a novel radish cultivar designated TBG 38. This invention thus relates to the seeds of radish cultivar TBG 38, to the plants of radish cultivar TBG 38, and to methods for producing a radish plant produced by crossing radish TBG 38 with itself or another radish cultivar, to methods for producing a radish plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic radish plants produced by that method, and the creation of variants by mutagenesis or transformation of radish cultivar TBG 38. The present invention relates to radish plants having essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG 38. This invention also relates to methods for producing other radish cultivars derived from radish cultivar TBG 38 and to the radish cultivar derived by the use of those methods. This invention further relates to hybrid radish seeds and plants produced by crossing cultivar TBG 38 with another radish cultivar.

In another aspect, the present invention provides regenerable cells for use in tissue culture of radish cultivar TBG 38. The tissue culture will preferably be capable of regenerating plants having essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the foregoing radish plant, and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as the foregoing radish plant. Preferably, the regenerable cells in such tissue cultures will be embryos, protoplasts, seeds, hypocotyls, pollen, leaves, pistils, anthers, flowers, roots, root tips, stems, and meristematic cells. Still further, the present invention provides radish plants regenerated from the tissue cultures of the invention.

Another aspect of the invention is to provide methods for producing other radish plants derived from radish cultivar TBG 38. Radish cultivars derived by the use of those methods are also part of the invention.

The invention also relates to methods for producing a radish plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic radish plant produced by that method.

In another aspect, the present invention provides for single gene converted plants of TBG 38. The single transferred gene may preferably be a dominant or recessive allele. Preferably, the single transferred gene will confer such trait as male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality and industrial usage or the transferred gene will have no apparent value except for the purpose of being a marker for variety identification. The single gene may be a naturally occurring radish gene or a transgene introduced through genetic engineering techniques.

The invention further relates to methods for genetically modifying a radish plant of the radish cultivar TBG 38 and to the modified radish plant produced by those methods. The genetic modification methods may include, but are not limited to mutation, genome editing, gene silencing, RNA interference, backcross conversion, genetic transformation, single and multiple gene conversion, and/or direct gene transfer.

In another aspect, the present invention provides for methods of introducing one or more desired trait(s) into the radish line TBG 38 and plants or seeds obtained from such methods. The desired trait(s) may be, but not exclusively, a single gene, preferably a dominant but also a recessive allele. Preferably, the transferred gene or genes will confer such traits as male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, male fertility, water stress tolerance, enhanced nutritional quality, modified protein content, enhanced plant quality, enhanced digestibility and industrial usage. The gene or genes may be naturally occurring radish gene(s). The method for introducing the desired trait(s) is preferably a backcrossing process making use of a series of backcrosses to the radish cultivar TBG 38 during which the desired trait(s) is maintained by selection.

The invention further provides methods for developing radish plants in a radish plant breeding program using plant breeding techniques including recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection and transformation. Seeds, radish plants, and parts thereof, produced by such breeding methods are also part of the invention.

In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, further aspects and embodiments will become apparent by study of the following descriptions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the description and tables which follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:

Abiotic stress. As used herein, abiotic stress relates to all non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, flooding, salinity, temperature, and climate change.

Allele. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence typically occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Backcrossing. A process in which a breeder crosses progeny back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times. Commonly used to introduce one or more genes from one genetic background to another.

Bolting. Bolting is the development of a seed stem, and subsequent seed. Bolting in radish is typically caused by growing plants during long day length and high temperatures.

Cell. Cell as used herein includes a plant cell, whether isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part. The cell can be a cell, such as a somatic cell, of the variety having the same set of chromosomes as the cells of the deposited seed, or, if the cell contains a gene conversion or transgene, otherwise having the same or essentially the same set of chromosomes as the cells of the deposited seed.

Checking. Small cracks in the skin surface less than 1 mm in depth.

Collection of seeds. In the context of the present invention a collection of seeds will be a grouping of seeds mainly containing similar kind of seeds, for example hybrid seeds having the inbred line of the invention as a parental line, but that may also contain, mixed together with this first kind of seeds, a second, different kind of seeds, of one of the inbred parent lines, for example the inbred line of the present invention. A commercial bag of hybrid seeds having the inbred line of the invention as a parental line and containing also the inbred line seeds of the invention would be, for example such a collection of seeds.

Cross-pollination. Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants.

Decreased vigor. A plant having a decreased vigor in the present invention is a plant that, compared to other plants has a less vigorous appearance for vegetative and/or reproductive characteristics including shorter plant height, color or other characteristics.

Diploid. A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.

Essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics. A plant having essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a designated plant has all of the characteristics of the plant that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing or direct introduction of a transgene.

F_(#). The “F” symbol denotes the filial generation, and the # is the generation number, such as F₁, F₂, F₃, etc.

F₁ Hybrid. The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants.

Gene. As used herein, “gene” refers to a unit of inheritance corresponding to DNA or RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. A gene can be introduced into a genome of a species, whether from a different species or from the same species, using transformation or various breeding techniques.

Gene converted. Gene converted or conversion plants refers to plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, or via genetic engineering, wherein essentially all the morphological and physiological characteristics of an inbred are recovered in addition to the one or more genes transferred into the inbred via the backcrossing technique, via genetic engineering or mutation. This also includes transference of one or more loci.

Gene silencing. The interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation.

Genetically modified. Describes an organism that has received genetic material from another organism, or had its genetic material modified, resulting in a change in one or more of its phenotypic characteristics. Methods used to modify, introduce or delete the genetic material may include mutation breeding, genome editing, RNA interference, gene silencing, backcross conversion, genetic transformation, single and multiple gene conversion, and/or direct gene transfer.

Genome editing. A type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, replaced, modified or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases or other targeted changes using homologous recombination. Examples include but are not limited to use of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), TAL effector nucleases (TALENs), meganucleases, CRISPR/Cas9, and other CRISPR related technologies. (Ma et. al., Molecular Plant, 9:961-974 (2016); Belhaj et. al., Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 32:76-84 (2015)).

Genotype. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism.

Haploid. A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid.

High/standard disease resistance (HR). Plant varieties that highly restrict the growth and development of the specified pest or pathogen under normal pest or pathogen pressure when compared to susceptible varieties. These plant varieties may, however, exhibit some symptoms or damage under heavy pest or pathogen pressure.

Hypocotyl. The part of the axis of a plant embryo or seedling between the point of insertion of the cotyledon and the top of the radicle (root). In radish, this is the part of the plant that is eaten. Sometimes referred to as the bulb, radish or root.

Hypocotyl length. The distance between the point of cotyledon attachment to the point of extreme constriction at the junction of the hypocotyl and the root.

Hypocotyl L/D Ratio. The ratio of the hypocotyl length and the hypocotyl width as measured at the widest point.

Inbreeding depression. The inbreeding depression is the loss of performance of the inbreds due to the effect of inbreeding, i.e. due to the mating of relatives or to self-pollination. It increases the homozygous recessive alleles leading to plants which are weaker and smaller and having other less desirable traits.

Leaf length. The distance between the point the leaf is attached to the stem to the furthest apex of the leaf.

Leaf width. The width of the leaf at its widest point.

Locus. A defined segment of DNA.

Maturity date. Maturity in radish can be dictated by two conditions. The first, or market maturity, is the point in time when the hypocotyl reaches maximum size distribution, but before defects such as pith appear. The second, or seed maturity, is the biological maturity when the plant has completed the life cycle and produced viable seed.

Moderate/intermediate disease resistance (IR). Plant varieties that restrict the growth and development of the specified pest or pathogen, but may exhibit a greater range of symptoms or damage compared to high/standard resistant varieties.

Pedigree distance. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry.

Percent identity. Percent identity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of two radish varieties. Percent identity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of the homozygous alleles of two developed varieties. For example, a percent identity of 90% between radish variety 1 and radish variety 2 means that the two varieties have the same allele at 90% of their loci.

Percent similarity. Percent similarity as used herein refers to the comparison of the homozygous alleles of a radish variety such as TBG 38 with the alleles of another radish plant, and if the homozygous alleles of TBG 38 matches at least one of the alleles from the other plant then they are scored as similar. Percent similarity is determined by comparing a statistically significant number of loci and recording the number of loci with similar alleles as a percentage. A percent similarity of 90% between TBG 38 and another radish plant means that TBG 38 matches at least one of the alleles of the other plant at 90% of the loci.

Pith. Pith is a sponginess/hollowness/white discoloration that occurs in the hypocotyl of radish varieties naturally as they become over mature. In some varieties, it occurs at an earlier stage causing harvest to occur prior to ideal maturity.

Plant cell. Plant cell, as used herein includes plant cells whether isolated, in tissue culture, or incorporated in a plant or plant part.

Plant height. This is a measure of the height of the canopy, whether inbred or hybrid, from the ground to the top of the leaf canopy, and is typically measured in centimeters.

Plant part. As used herein, the term “plant parts” (or a radish plant, or a part thereof) includes but is not limited to protoplasts, callus, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, seed, embryos, pollen, ovules, cotyledon, hypocotyl, flower, shoot, tissue, petiole, cells, meristematic cells and the like.

Progeny. As used herein, progeny includes an F₁ radish plant produced from the cross of two radish plants where at least one plant includes radish cultivar TBG 38. Progeny further includes but is not limited to subsequent F₂, F₃, F₄, F₅, F₆, F₇, F₈, F₉ and F₁₀ generational crosses with the recurrent parental line.

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) Quantitative trait loci refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.

Radish yield (Boxes/Acre). The yield in boxes/acre is the actual yield of the radish at harvest.

Regeneration. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture.

Silique. Silique means a narrow elongated seed capsule unique to the family Cruciferae.

Single gene converted. Single gene converted or conversion plant refers to plants which are developed by backcrossing, or via genetic engineering, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a line are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the line via the backcrossing technique or via genetic engineering.

Susceptibility. As used herein, the term “Susceptibility” is the inability of a plant variety to restrict the growth and development of a specified pest or pathogen.

Taproot. The stout, primary root of the plant originating as a direct continuation of the embryonic radicle.

Transgene. A nucleic acid of interest that can be introduced into the genome of a plant by genetic engineering techniques (e.g., transformation) or breeding.

The following detailed description is of the currently contemplated modes of carrying out the invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, since the scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims.

The present invention, radish cultivar TBG 38, is a long red, fresh market radish. Radish cultivar TBG 38 has a unique cylindrical shape with smooth skin and no adventitious roots on the sides, making it easily adapted for mechanical slicing. This cylindrical shape also makes TBG 38 desirable for use in party trays, as its length makes for convenient handling while dipping in sauces. TBG 38 is also adapted for bunching and for cello packs.

Radish cultivar TBG 38 maintains a straight hypocotyl shape without curving and is very slow to pith. Under adverse weather conditions, TBG 38 will develop checking in the hypocotyl skin, which are small cracks in the skin surface less than 1 mm in depth, particularly near the growing point or leaf attachment. Another important trait of TBG 38 is that it is an open pollinated variety. Seed of open pollinated varieties can be produced more economically than hybrid varieties.

Another novel and surprising trait of radish cultivar TBG 38 is the symmetrical pattern in the center of the edible radish that has been termed “starburst”. When TBG 38 is sliced, this red interior starburst pattern combined with the red exterior skin adds attractive color to a dish. The starburst pattern of TBG 38 is not like the bleeding that some hypocotyls have where there is an unpredictable, non-symmetrical pattern of color on the interior, which is undesirable. Rather, radish TBG 38 has a predictable, consistent, symmetrical pattern on the interior. The intensity of this coloration is consistent in that it has a sharp distinction in color on the interior, with the deep red starburst pattern contrasting with the white flesh. Additionally, this color pattern is not highly influenced by environment.

Radish cultivar TBG 38 was developed from a large population of 30 very diverse radish lines created in 2004. From this population, one radish was selfed. Successive generations were selected based on many traits, but primarily for hypocotyl shape and slow pith development. Those generations include a two bulb mass for two generations, followed by an eight bulb mass and then a 12 bulb mass. Radish cultivar TBG 38 was identified in 2010 with a surprisingly intense starburst pattern on the interior of the hypocotyl. TBG 38 was also consistent for this starburst trait across environments, which was unexpected.

There are no good comparison varieties to radish cultivar TBG 38 on the market. The closest is variety ‘French Breakfast’, but while TBG 38 has a solid red exterior color, ‘French Breakfast’ is red from the top of the edible hypocotyl down 60-75% of the hypocotyl and then turns white for the remaining tip. Radish cultivar TBG 38 is also more pith tolerant and has smaller leaves than ‘French Breakfast’ (Tables 2 and 3). A further distinguishing difference is that cultivar TBG 38 has a red starburst pattern on the interior, whereas ‘French Breakfast’ has a solid white interior.

‘Cardinal’ is a long, red radish variety, but has larger leaves compared to cultivar TBG 38 and is not pith tolerant (Table 4). ‘Cardinal’ also has a solid white interior, whereas radish cultivar TBG 38 has a white interior with a red starburst pattern.

The cultivar has shown uniformity and stability for the traits, within the limits of typical environmental influences on radish traits. Selections of this line have shown that the cultivar is stable into the next generation. Radish cultivar TBG 38 has been uniform under several environmental conditions, with slight variation in L/D ratio and leaf growth as would be expected since these traits are highly influenced by the environment.

Radish cultivar TBG 38 has the following morphologic and other characteristics (based primarily on data collected in Belle Glade, Fla.):

TABLE 1 VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION General Plant Information: Days from sowing to market maturity: 34 Canopy height: 18.5 cm Height of flowering plant: 117.0 cm Leaf: Length: 21.2 cm Width: 5.6 cm Number of true leaves: 8.4 Number of pairs of lateral pinnae: 3.4 Type: Lobed Color: Medium green Flower: Diameter: 19.6 mm Color: White Number of flowers per branch: 46 Flower vein color: Non-contrasting Seed: Color: Red-brown Seed pod diameter: 6.5 mm Seed pod length: 29.7 mm Seed per pod: 4.3 Radish: Hypocotyl shape: Long cylindrical Hypocotyl L/D ratio: 2.3:1 Hypocotyl color (exterior): Red Hypocotyl color (interior): White with red starburst pattern in center Skin: Smooth

This invention also is directed to methods for producing a radish plant by crossing a first parent radish plant with a second parent radish plant wherein either the first or second parent radish plant is a radish plant of radish cultivar TBG 38. Further, both first and second parent radish plants can come from the cultivar TBG 38. Still further, this invention also is directed to methods for producing a cultivar TBG 38-derived radish plant by crossing cultivar TBG 38 with a second radish plant and growing the progeny seed, and repeating the crossing and growing steps with the cultivar TBG 38-derived plant from 0 to 7 times. Thus, any such methods using the cultivar TBG 38 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using cultivar TBG 38 as a parent are within the scope of this invention, including plants derived from cultivar TBG 38. Advantageously, cultivar TBG 38 can be used in crosses with other, different, cultivars to produce first generation (F₁) radish seeds and plants with superior characteristics.

Additional methods include, but are not limited to, expression vectors introduced into plant tissues using a direct gene transfer method such as microprojectile-mediated delivery, DNA injection, electroporation and the like. More preferably, expression vectors are introduced into plant tissues by using either microprojectile-mediated delivery with a biolistic device or by using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transformant plants obtained with the protoplasm of the invention are intended to be within the scope of this invention.

As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which radish plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, meristematic cells, hypocotyls, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, stems, and the like.

Further Embodiments of the Invention

Radish in general is an important and valuable vegetable crop. Thus, a continuing goal of radish plant breeders is to develop stable, high yielding radish cultivars that are agronomically sound. To accomplish this goal, the radish breeder must select and develop radish plants with traits that result in superior cultivars.

Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a radish plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, pedigree breeding, recurrent selection, mass selection, single or multiple-seed descent, bulk selection, backcrossing, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of radish varieties in a plant breeding program requires, in general, the development and evaluation of homozygous varieties. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate a new variety. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits, but genotypic analysis may also be used.

Using Radish Cultivar TBG 38 to Develop Other Radish Varieties

This invention also is directed to methods for producing a radish plant by crossing a first parent radish plant with a second parent radish plant wherein the first or second parent radish plant is a radish plant of cultivar TBG 38. Further, both first and second parent radish plants can come from radish cultivar TBG 38. Also provided are methods for producing a radish plant having substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of cultivar TBG 38, by crossing a first parent radish plant with a second parent radish plant wherein the first and/or the second parent radish plant is a plant having substantially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of cultivar TBG 38 set forth in Table 1, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. The other parent may be any radish plant, such as a radish plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population. Thus, any such methods using radish cultivar TBG 38 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using radish cultivar TBG 38 as at least one parent are within the scope of this invention, including those developed from cultivars derived from radish cultivar TBG 38.

The cultivar of the invention can also be used for transformation where exogenous genes are introduced and expressed by the cultivar of the invention. Genetic variants created either through traditional breeding methods using radish cultivar TBG 38 or through transformation of cultivar TBG 38 by any of a number of protocols known to those of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of this invention.

The following describes breeding methods that may be used with radish cultivar TBG 38 in the development of further radish plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing a progeny radish plant in a radish plant breeding program comprising: obtaining the radish plant, or a part thereof, of cultivar TBG 38, utilizing said plant or plant part as a source of breeding material, and selecting a radish cultivar TBG 38 progeny plant with molecular markers in common with cultivar TBG 38 and/or with morphological and/or physiological characteristics selected from the characteristics listed in Table 1. Breeding steps that may be used in the radish plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding, and recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example SSR markers) and the making of double haploids may be utilized.

Another method involves producing a population of radish cultivar TBG 38 progeny radish plants, comprising crossing cultivar TBG 38 with another radish plant, thereby producing a population of radish plants, which, on average, derive 50% of their alleles from radish cultivar TBG 38. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a radish cultivar resulting from these successive filial generations. One embodiment of this invention is the radish cultivar produced by this method and that has obtained at least 50% of its alleles from radish cultivar TBG 38.

Progeny of radish cultivar TBG 38 may also be characterized through their filial relationship with radish cultivar TBG 38, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of radish cultivar TBG 38. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between radish cultivar TBG 38 and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 breeding crosses of radish cultivar TBG 38.

One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see, Fehr and Walt, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). Thus the invention includes radish cultivar TBG 38 progeny radish plants comprising a combination of at least two cultivar TBG 38 traits selected from the group consisting of those listed in Table 1 or the cultivar TBG 38 combination of traits listed in the Detailed Description of the Invention, so that said progeny radish plant is not significantly different for said traits than radish cultivar TBG 38 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as a radish cultivar TBG 38 progeny plant. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Once such a variety is developed its value is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance, and plant performance in extreme environmental conditions.

The goal of radish plant breeding is to develop new, unique, and superior radish cultivars. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection, producing many new genetic combinations. The breeder can theoretically generate billions of different genetic combinations via crossing, selfing, and mutations. The breeder has no direct control at the cellular level and the cultivars that are developed are unpredictable. This unpredictability is because the breeder's selection occurs in unique environments, with no control at the DNA level (using conventional breeding procedures), and with millions of different possible genetic combinations being generated. A breeder of ordinary skill in the art cannot predict the final resulting lines he develops, except possibly in a very gross and general fashion. The same breeder cannot produce the same line twice by using the exact same original parents and the same selection techniques. Therefore, two breeders will never develop the same line, or even very similar lines, having the same radish traits.

Pedigree breeding is used commonly for the improvement of self-pollinating crops or inbred lines of cross-pollinating crops. Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as radish cultivar TBG 38 or a radish variety having all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of TBG 38, and another radish variety having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements radish cultivar TBG 38. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations, the heterozygous condition gives way to the homozygous allele condition as a result of inbreeding. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F₁ to F₂; F₂ to F₃; F₃ to F₄; F₄ to F₅; etc. In some examples, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more generations of selfing and selection are practiced. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed variety. Preferably, the developed variety comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci.

In addition to being used to create backcross conversion populations, backcrossing can also be used in combination with pedigree breeding. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer one or more specifically desirable traits from one variety (the donor parent) to a developed variety (the recurrent parent), which has good overall agronomic characteristics yet may lack one or more other desirable traits. However, the same procedure can be used to move the progeny toward the genotype of the recurrent parent but at the same time retain many components of the non-recurrent parent by stopping the backcrossing at an early stage and proceeding with selfing and selection. For example, a radish variety may be crossed with another variety to produce a first generation progeny plant. The first generation progeny plant may then be backcrossed to one of its parent varieties to create a F₁BC₁. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed variety has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and yet several of the desired attributes of the donor parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of both parents for use in new radish varieties.

Therefore, in some examples a method of making a backcross conversion of radish cultivar TBG 38, comprising the steps of crossing a plant of radish cultivar TBG 38 or a radish variety having all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of TBG 38 with a donor plant possessing a desired trait to introduce the desired trait, selecting an F₁ progeny plant containing the desired trait, and backcrossing the selected F₁ progeny plant to a plant of radish cultivar TBG 38 are provided. This method may further comprise the step of obtaining a molecular marker profile of radish cultivar TBG 38 and using the molecular marker profile to select for a progeny plant with the desired trait and the molecular marker profile of TBG 38. The molecular marker profile can comprise information from one or more markers. In one example the desired trait is a mutant gene or transgene present in the donor parent. In another example, the desired trait is a native trait in the donor parent.

Mass and recurrent selections can be used to improve populations of either self- or cross-pollinating crops. A genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals is either identified or created by intercrossing several different parents. The best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny, or excellent combining ability. The selected plants are intercrossed to produce a new population in which further cycles of selection are continued.

The single-seed descent procedure in the strict sense refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has been advanced from the F₂ to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F₂ individuals. The number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or some plants to produce at least one seed. As a result, not all of the F₂ plants originally sampled in the population, will be represented by a progeny when generation advance is completed.

Mutation breeding is another method of introducing new traits into radish varieties. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation (such as X-rays, Gamma rays, neutrons, Beta radiation, or ultraviolet radiation), chemical mutagens (such as base analogs like 5-bromo-uracil), antibiotics, alkylating agents (such as sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethyleneamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, or lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in “Principles of Cultivar Development” by Fehr, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993. In addition, mutations created in other radish plants may be used to produce a backcross conversion of radish cultivar TBG 38 that comprises such mutation.

Selection of radish plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one may utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely associated with a trait of interest. One of these markers may therefore be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and hence may be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique may commonly be referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant may also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection applicable to the breeding of radishes are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998).

The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of homozygous varieties in a breeding program. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see, Wan, et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 77:889-892 (1989) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,615. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source.

Descriptions of other breeding methods that are commonly used for different traits and crops can be found in one of several reference books (e.g., Allard, “Principles of plant breeding,” John Wiley & Sons, NY, University of California, Davis, Calif., 50-98, 1960; Simmonds, “Principles of crop improvement,” Longman, Inc., NY, 369-399, 1979; Sneep and Hendriksen, “Plant breeding perspectives,” Wageningen (ed), Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, 1979; Fehr, In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production and Uses,” 2d Ed., Manograph 16:249, 1987; Fehr, “Principles of cultivar development,” Theory and Technique (Vol 1) and Crop Species Soybean (Vol 2), Iowa State Univ., Macmillian Pub. Co., NY, 360-376, 1987; Poehlman and Sleper, “Breeding Field Crops” Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1995; Sprague and Dudley, eds., Corn and Improvement, 5th ed., 2006).

Genotypic Profile of TBG 38 and Progeny

In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile which can identify plants of the same variety or a related variety, or which can be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) also referred to as microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or genome-wide evaluations such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). For example, see Cregan et al. (1999) “An Integrated Genetic Linkage Map of the Soybean Genome” Crop Science 39:1464-1490, and Berry et al. (2003) “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Inbred Lines and Soybean Varieties” Genetics 165:331-342, each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Favorable genotypes and or marker profiles, optionally associated with a trait of interest, may be identified by one or more methodologies.

In some examples one or more markers are used, including but not limited to AFLPs, RFLPs, ASH, SSRs, SNPs, indels, padlock probes, molecular inversion probes, microarrays, sequencing, and the like. In some methods, a target nucleic acid is amplified prior to hybridization with a probe. In other cases, the target nucleic acid is not amplified prior to hybridization, such as methods using molecular inversion probes (see, for example Hardenbol et al. (2003) Nat Biotech 21:673-678). In some examples, the genotype related to a specific trait is monitored, while in other examples, a genome-wide evaluation including but not limited to one or more of marker panels, library screens, association studies, microarrays, gene chips, expression studies, or sequencing such as whole-genome resequencing and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) may be used. In some examples, no target-specific probe is needed, for example by using sequencing technologies, including but not limited to next-generation sequencing methods (see, for example, Metzker (2010) Nat Rev Genet 11:31-46; and, Egan et al. (2012) Am J Bot 99:175-185) such as sequencing by synthesis (e.g., Roche 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina Genome Analyzer, and Ion Torrent PGM or Proton systems), sequencing by ligation (e.g., SOLiD from Applied Biosystems, and Polnator system from Azco Biotech), and single molecule sequencing (SMS or third-generation sequencing) which eliminate template amplification (e.g., Helicos system, and PacBio RS system from Pacific BioSciences). Further technologies include optical sequencing systems (e.g., Starlight from Life Technologies), and nanopore sequencing (e.g., GridION from Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Each of these may be coupled with one or more enrichment strategies for organellar or nuclear genomes in order to reduce the complexity of the genome under investigation via PCR, hybridization, restriction enzyme (see, e.g., Elshire et al. (2011) PLoS ONE 6:e19379), and expression methods. In some examples, no reference genome sequence is needed in order to complete the analysis.

The invention further provides a method of determining the genotype of a plant of radish cultivar TBG 38, or a first generation progeny thereof, which may comprise obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from said plant and detecting in said nucleic acids a plurality of polymorphisms. This method may additionally comprise the step of storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium. The plurality of polymorphisms are indicative of and/or give rise to the expression of the morphological and physiological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG 38.

With any of the genotyping techniques mentioned herein, polymorphisms may be detected when the genotype and/or sequence of the plant of interest is compared to the genotype and/or sequence of one or more reference plants. The polymorphism revealed by these techniques may be used to establish links between genotype and phenotype. The polymorphisms may thus be used to predict or identify certain phenotypic characteristics, individuals, or even species. The polymorphisms are generally called markers. It is common practice for the skilled artisan to apply molecular DNA techniques for generating polymorphisms and creating markers. The polymorphisms of this invention may be provided in a variety of mediums to facilitate use, e.g. a database or computer readable medium, which may also contain descriptive annotations in a form that allows a skilled artisan to examine or query the polymorphisms and obtain useful information.

In some examples, a plant, a plant part, or a seed of radish cultivar TBG 38 may be characterized by producing a molecular profile. A molecular profile may include, but is not limited to, one or more genotypic and/or phenotypic profile(s). A genotypic profile may include, but is not limited to, a marker profile, such as a genetic map, a linkage map, a trait maker profile, a SNP profile, an SSR profile, a genome-wide marker profile, a haplotype, and the like. A molecular profile may also be a nucleic acid sequence profile, and/or a physical map. A phenotypic profile may include, but is not limited to, a protein expression profile, a metabolic profile, an mRNA expression profile, and the like.

SSR technology is currently the most efficient and practical marker technology; more marker loci can be routinely used and more alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. For example, Diwan and Cregan described a highly polymorphic microsatellite locus in soybean with as many as 26 alleles. Diwan, N. and Cregan, P. B., Theor. Appl. Genet., 95:22-225 (1997). SNPs may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny varieties retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution.

Molecular markers, which include markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, RFLPs, RAPDs, AP-PCR, DAF, SCARs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs, may be used in plant breeding. One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome.

Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select toward the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. This procedure attempts to minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection or marker-assisted selection. Molecular markers may also be used to identify and exclude certain sources of germplasm as parental varieties or ancestors of a plant by providing a means of tracking genetic profiles through crosses.

Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to the set of markers disclosed herein, but may include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. In addition to being used for identification of radish cultivar TBG 38, a hybrid produced through the use of TBG 38, and the identification or verification of pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of TBG 38, a genetic marker profile is also useful in developing a gene conversion of TBG 38.

Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SNP and SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SNPs are genetic markers based on a polymorphism in a single nucleotide. A marker system based on SNPs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present.

The SSR profile of radish cultivar TBG 38 can be used to identify plants comprising radish cultivar TBG 38 as a parent, since such plants will comprise the same homozygous alleles as radish cultivar TBG 38. Because the radish variety is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, most loci should have only one type of allele present. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of an F₁ progeny should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one parent was homozygous for allele x at a particular locus, and the other parent homozygous for allele y at that locus, then the F₁ progeny will be xy (heterozygous) at that locus. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or xy (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F₁ plant is selfed or sibbed for successive filial generations, the locus should be either x or y for that position.

In addition, plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of radish cultivar TBG 38 in their development, such as radish cultivar TBG 38 comprising a gene conversion, backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to radish cultivar TBG 38. Such a percent identity might be 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9% identical to radish cultivar TBG 38.

The SSR profile of radish cultivar TBG 38 can also be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny varieties developed from the use of radish cultivar TBG 38, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Such plants may be developed using the markers identified in WO 00/31964, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,967, and 7,288,386. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using radish cultivar TBG 38 may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.5% genetic contribution from radish cultivar TBG 38, as measured by either percent identity or percent similarity. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of radish cultivar TBG 38, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or less cross-pollinations to a radish plant other than radish cultivar TBG 38 or a plant that has radish cultivar TBG 38 as a progenitor. Unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs.

While determining the genotypic profile of the plants described supra, several unique SSR profiles may also be identified which did not appear in either parent of such plant. Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying a plant variety, an F₁ progeny produced from such variety, and progeny produced from such variety.

Molecular data from TBG 38 may be used in a plant breeding process. Nucleic acids may be isolated from a seed of TBG 38 or from a plant, plant part, or cell produced by growing a seed of TBG 38, or from a seed of TBG 38 with a gene conversion, or from a plant, plant part, or cell of TBG 38 with a gene conversion. One or more polymorphisms may be isolated from the nucleic acids. A plant having one or more of the identified polymorphisms may be selected and used in a plant breeding method to produce another plant.

Introduction of a New Trait or Locus into Radish Cultivar TBG 38

Cultivar TBG 38 represents a new base genetic variety into which a new gene, locus or trait may be introgressed. Backcrossing and direct transformation represent two important methods that can be used to accomplish such an introgression.

Single Gene (Locus) Conversions

When the term “radish plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this also includes any single gene or locus conversions of that variety. The term “single locus converted plant” or “single gene converted plant” refers to those radish plants which are developed by backcrossing or genetic engineering, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to the one or more genes transferred into the variety via the backcrossing technique or genetic engineering. Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the variety.

A backcross conversion of radish cultivar TBG 38 occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through backcrossing (Hallauer, et al., “Corn Breeding,” Corn and Corn Improvements, No. 18, pp. 463-481 (1988)), with radish cultivar TBG 38 utilized as the recurrent parent. Both naturally occurring and transgenic DNA sequences may be introduced through backcrossing techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait or locus conversion in at least two or more backcrosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, at least 5 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. For example, see, Openshaw, S. J., et al., Marker-assisted Selection in Backcross Breeding, Proceedings Symposium of the Analysis of Molecular Data, Crop Science Society of America, Corvallis, Oreg. (August 1994), where it is demonstrated that a backcross conversion can be made in as few as two backcrosses.

The complexity of the backcross conversion method depends on the type of trait being transferred (single genes or closely linked genes as compared to unlinked genes), the level of expression of the trait, the type of inheritance (cytoplasmic or nuclear), and the types of parents included in the cross. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage. (See, Hallauer, et al., Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague and Dudley, Third Ed. (1998)). Desired traits that may be transferred through backcross conversion include, but are not limited to, sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, industrial enhancements, yield stability, yield enhancement, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. In addition, an introgression site itself, such as an FRT site, Lox site, or other site specific integration site, may be inserted by backcrossing and utilized for direct insertion of one or more genes of interest into a specific plant variety.

A single locus may contain several transgenes, such as a transgene for disease resistance that, in the same expression vector, also contains a transgene for herbicide resistance. The gene for herbicide resistance may be used as a selectable marker and/or as a phenotypic trait. A single locus conversion of site specific integration system allows for the integration of multiple genes at a known recombination site in the genome. At least one, at least two or at least three and less than ten, less than nine, less than eight, less than seven, less than six, less than five or less than four locus conversions may be introduced into the plant by backcrossing, introgression or transformation to express the desired trait, while the plant, or a plant grown from the seed, plant part or plant cell, otherwise retains the phenotypic characteristics of the deposited seed when grown under the same environmental conditions.

The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Transgenes transferred via backcrossing typically function as a dominant single gene trait and are relatively easy to classify. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the locus of interest. The last backcross generation is usually selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred, although a backcross conversion with a stably introgressed trait may also be maintained by further backcrossing to the recurrent parent with selection for the converted trait.

Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. The backcross is a form of inbreeding, and the features of the recurrent parent are automatically recovered after successive backcrosses. Poehlman, Breeding Field Crops, p. 204 (1987). Poehlman suggests from one to four or more backcrosses, but as noted above, the number of backcrosses necessary can be reduced with the use of molecular markers. Other factors, such as a genetically similar donor parent, may also reduce the number of backcrosses necessary. As noted by Poehlman, backcrossing is easiest for simply inherited, dominant, and easily recognized traits.

One process for adding or modifying a trait or locus in radish cultivar TBG 38 comprises crossing radish cultivar TBG 38 plants grown from radish cultivar TBG 38 seed with plants of another radish variety that comprise the desired trait, gene or locus, selecting F₁ progeny plants that comprise the desired trait, gene or locus to produce selected F₁ progeny plants, crossing the selected progeny plants with the radish cultivar TBG 38 plants to produce backcross progeny plants, selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait, gene or locus and the morphological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG 38 to produce selected backcross progeny plants, and backcrossing to radish cultivar TBG 38 three or more times in succession to produce selected fourth or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise said trait, gene or locus. The modified radish cultivar TBG 38 may be further characterized as having the physiological and morphological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG 38 listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions and/or may be characterized by percent similarity or identity to radish cultivar TBG 38 as determined by SSR markers. The above method may be utilized with fewer backcrosses in appropriate situations, such as when the donor parent is highly related or markers are used in the selection step. Desired traits that may be used include those nucleic acids known in the art, some of which are listed herein, that will affect traits through nucleic acid expression or inhibition. Desired loci include the introgression of FRT, Lox, and other sites for site specific integration, which may also affect a desired trait if a functional nucleic acid is inserted at the integration site.

In addition, the above process and other similar processes described herein may be used to produce first generation progeny radish seed by adding a step at the end of the process that comprises crossing radish cultivar TBG 38 with the introgressed trait or locus with a different radish plant and harvesting the resultant first generation progeny radish seed.

Methods for Genetic Engineering of Radish

With the advent of molecular biological techniques that have allowed the isolation and characterization of genes that encode specific protein products, scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants (genetic engineering) to contain and express foreign genes, or additional, or modified versions of native, or endogenous genes (perhaps driven by different promoters) in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Plants altered by genetic engineering are often referred to as ‘genetically modified’. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation and/or various breeding methods, are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” Over the last fifteen to twenty years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention, in particular embodiments, also relates to transformed versions of the claimed cultivar.

Vectors used for the transformation of radish cells are not limited so long as the vector can express an inserted DNA in the cells. For example, vectors comprising promoters for constitutive gene expression in radish cells (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter) and promoters inducible by exogenous stimuli can be used. Examples of suitable vectors include pBI binary vector. The “radish cell” into which the vector is to be introduced includes various forms of radish cells, such as cultured cell suspensions, protoplasts, leaf sections, and callus. A vector can be introduced into radish cells by known methods, such as the polyethylene glycol method, polycation method, electroporation, Agrobacterium-mediated transfer, particle bombardment and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts. See, e.g., Pang et al. (The Plant J., 9, 899-909, 1996).

Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical, plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki, et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson (Eds.), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber, et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson (Eds.), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993).

A. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation:

One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system of Agrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch, et al., Science, 227:1229 (1985). A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes are plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids of A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I., Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 10:1 (1991). Descriptions of Agrobacterium vector systems and methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by Gruber, et al., supra, Miki, et al., supra, and Moloney, et al., Plant Cell Rep., 8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055 (Townsend and Thomas), issued Oct. 8, 1996.

Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is a widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells, including radish. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al., Bio. Tech., 3(7):637-642, 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Additionally, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation.

In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al., Bio. Tech., 3(7):629-635, 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,124 describes a method of transforming radish plant cells using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. By inserting a chimeric gene having a DNA coding sequence encoding for the full-length B.t. toxin protein that expresses a protein toxic toward Lepidopteran larvae, this methodology resulted in radish having resistance to such insects.

B. Direct Gene Transfer:

Several methods of plant transformation, collectively referred to as direct gene transfer, have been developed as an alternative to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile-mediated transformation, or microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Sanford, et al., Part. Sci. Technol., 5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C., Trends Biotech., 6:299 (1988); Klein, et al., Bio/technology, 6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C., Physiol Plant, 7:206 (1990); Klein, et al., Bio/technology, 10:268 (1992). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,580 (Christou, et al.), issued May 14, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,783 (Tomes, et al.), issued Jun. 21, 1994.

Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang, et al., Bio/technology, 9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes, et al., EMBO J., 4:2731 (1985); Christou, et al., PNAS, 84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl₂) precipitation, calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, polyvinyl alcohol, or poly-L-ornithine has also been reported. See, e.g., Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:183-188, 1985; Omirulleh et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21(3):415-428, 1993; Fromm et al., Nature, 312:791-793, 1986; Uchimiya et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 204:204, 1986; Marcotte et al., Nature, 335:454, 1988; Hain, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:161, 1985 and Draper, et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 23:451, 1982.

Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues has also been described. Donn, et al., In Abstracts of VIIth International Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53, 1990; D'Halluin, et al., Plant Cell, 4:1495-1505, 1992; and Spencer, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 24:51-61, 1994. Another illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target radish cells.

Transformation of plants and expression of foreign genetic elements is exemplified in Choi et al., Plant Cell Rep., 13: 344-348, 1994 and Ellul et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 107:462-469, 2003.

Following transformation of radish target tissues, expression of selectable marker genes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues, and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods now well known in the art.

The methods described herein for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic variety. The transgenic variety could then be crossed, with another (non-transformed or transformed) variety, in order to produce a new transgenic variety. Alternatively, a genetic trait which has been engineered into a particular radish cultivar using the transformation techniques described could be moved into another cultivar using traditional backcrossing techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite variety into an elite variety, or from a variety containing a foreign gene in its genome into a variety or varieties which do not contain that gene. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on the context.

Expression Vectors for Radish Transformation: Marker Genes

Expression vectors include at least one genetic marker, operably linked to a regulatory element (a promoter, for example) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or a herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. A few positive selection methods are also known in the art.

One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene, isolated from transposon Tn5, which when placed under the control of plant regulatory signals which confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 5:299 (1985).

Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase, aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant. Hayford et al., Plant Physiol. 86:1216 (1988), Jones et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 210:86 (1987), Svab et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14:197 (1990) Hille et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 7:171 (1986). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate or bromoxynil. Comai et al., Nature 317:741-744 (1985), Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2:603-618 (1990) and Stalker et al., Science 242:419-423 (1988). Selectable marker genes for plant transformation not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase and plant acetolactate synthase. Eichholtz et al., Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 13:67 (1987), Shah et al., Science 233:478 (1986), Charest et al., Plant Cell Rep. 8:643 (1990).

Another class of marker genes for plant transformation requires screening of presumptively transformed plant cells rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These genes are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a gene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as reporter genes because they can be fused to a gene or gene regulatory sequence for the investigation of gene expression. Commonly used genes for screening presumptively transformed cells include α-glucuronidase (GUS, α-galactosidase, luciferase and chloramphenicol, acetyltransferase. Jefferson, R. A., Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387 (1987), Teeri et al., EMBO J. 8:343 (1989), Koncz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 84:131 (1987), DeBlock et al., EMBO J. 3:1681 (1984).

In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissue are available. Molecular Probes publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, p. 1-4 (1993) and Naleway et al., J. Cell Biol. 115:151a (1991). However, these in vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity have not proven useful for recovery of transformed cells because of low sensitivity, high fluorescent backgrounds and limitations associated with the use of luciferase genes as selectable markers.

More recently, a gene encoding Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been utilized as a marker for gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Chalfie et al., Science 263:802 (1994). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers.

Expression Vectors for Radish Transformation: Promoters

Genes included in expression vectors must be driven by a nucleotide sequence comprising a regulatory element, for example, a promoter. Several types of promoters are now well known in the transformation arts, as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters.

As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred”. Promoters which initiate transcription only in certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific”. A “cell type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter which is active under most environmental conditions.

A. Inducible Promoters:

An inducible promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in radish. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in radish. With an inducible promoter the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent.

Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See Ward et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Meft et al., PNAS 90:4567-4571 (1993)); In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey et al., Mol. Gen Genetics 227:229-237 (1991) and Gatz et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 243:32-38 (1994)) or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 227:229-237 (1991). A particularly preferred inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Schena et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:0421 (1991).

B. Constitutive Promoters:

A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in radish or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in radish.

Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy et al., Plant Cell 2:163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 (1989) and Christensen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten et al., EMBO J. 3:2723-2730 (1984)) and maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 231:276-285 (1992) and Atanassova et al., Plant Journal 2 (3): 291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, Xbal/Ncol fragment 5′ to the Brassica napus ALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said Xbal/Ncol fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT application WO 96/30530.

C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters:

A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a gene for expression in radish. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a gene for expression in radish. Plants transformed with a gene of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter produce the protein product of the transgene exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue.

Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter, such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai et al., Science 23:476-482 (1983) and Sengupta-Gopalan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson et al., EMBO J. 4(11):2723-2729 (1985) and Timko et al., Nature 318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 244:161-168 (1993)) or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell et al., Sex. Plant Reprod. 6:217-224 (1993)).

Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments

Transport of protein produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall or mitochondrion or for secretion into the apoplast, is accomplished by means of operably linking the nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a gene encoding the protein of interest. Targeting sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the structural gene may determine, during protein synthesis and processing, where the encoded protein is ultimately compartmentalized.

The presence of a signal sequence directs a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example Becker et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 20:49 (1992), Close, P. S., Master's Thesis, Iowa State University (1993), Knox, C., et al., “Structure and Organization of Two Divergent Alpha-Amylase Genes from Barley”, Plant Mol. Biol. 9:3-17 (1987), Lerner et al., Plant Physiol. 91:124-129 (1989), Fontes et al., Plant Cell 3:483-496 (1991), Matsuoka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:834 (1991), Gould et al., J. Cell. Biol. 108:1657 (1989), Creissen et al., Plant J. 2:129 (1991), Kalderon, et al., A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location, Cell 39:499-509 (1984), Steifel, et al., Expression of a maize cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene in early leaf and root vascular differentiation, Plant Cell 2:785-793 (1990).

Additional Methods for Genetic Engineering of Radish

In general, methods to transform, modify, edit or alter plant endogenous genomic DNA include altering the plant native DNA sequence or a pre-existing transgenic sequence including regulatory elements, coding and non-coding sequences. These methods can be used, for example, to target nucleic acids to pre-engineered target recognition sequences in the genome. Such pre-engineered target sequences may be introduced by genome editing or modification. As an example, a genetically modified plant variety is generated using “custom” or engineered endonucleases such as meganucleases produced to modify plant genomes (see e.g., WO 2009/114321; Gao et al. (2010) Plant Journal 1:176-187). Another site-directed engineering method is through the use of zinc finger domain recognition coupled with the restriction properties of restriction enzyme. See e.g., Urnov, et al., (2010) Nat Rev Genet. 11(9):636-46; Shukla, et al., (2009) Nature 459 (7245):437-41. A transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-DNA modifying enzyme (TALE or TALEN) is also used to engineer changes in plant genome. See e.g., US20110145940, Cermak et al., (2011) Nucleic Acids Res. 39(12) and Boch et al., (2009), Science 326(5959): 1509-12. Site-specific modification of plant genomes can also be performed using the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system, as well as similar CRISPR related technologies. See e.g., Belhaj et al., (2013), Plant Methods 9: 39; The Cas9/guide RNA-based system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA in plants (see e.g., WO 2015026883A1, incorporated herein by reference).

A genetic map can be generated that identifies the approximate chromosomal location of an integrated DNA molecule, for example via conventional restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, simple sequence repeats (SSR), and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see Glick and Thompson, Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, pp. 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993).

Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome”, Science (1998) 280:1077-1082, and similar capabilities are increasingly available for the radish genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons could involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, sequencing or combinations thereof, all of which are conventional techniques. SNPs may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques.

Radish Cultivar TBG 38 Further Comprising a Transgene

Transgenes and transformation methods provide means to engineer the genome of plants to contain and express heterologous genetic elements, including but not limited to foreign genetic elements, additional copies of endogenous elements, and/or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements, in order to alter at least one trait of a plant in a specific manner. Any heterologous DNA sequence(s), whether from a different species or from the same species, which are inserted into the genome using transformation, backcrossing, or other methods known to one of skill in the art are referred to herein collectively as transgenes. The sequences are heterologous based on sequence source, location of integration, operably linked elements, or any combination thereof. One or more transgenes of interest can be introduced into radish cultivar TBG 38. Transgenic variants of radish cultivar TBG 38 plants, seeds, cells, and parts thereof or derived therefrom are provided. Transgenic variants of TBG 38 comprise the physiological and morphological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG 38, such as listed in Table 1 as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions, and/or may be characterized or identified by percent similarity or identity to TBG 38 as determined by SSR or other molecular markers. In some examples, transgenic variants of radish cultivar TBG 38 are produced by introducing at least one transgene of interest into radish cultivar TBG 38 by transforming TBG 38 with a polynucleotide comprising the transgene of interest. In other examples, transgenic variants of radish cultivar TBG 38 are produced by introducing at least one transgene by introgressing the transgene into radish cultivar TBG 38 by crossing.

In one example, a process for modifying radish cultivar TBG 38 with the addition of a desired trait, said process comprising transforming a radish plant of cultivar TBG 38 with a transgene that confers a desired trait is provided. Therefore, transgenic TBG 38 radish cells, plants, plant parts, and seeds produced from this process are provided. In some examples one more desired traits may include traits such as sterility (nuclear and cytoplasmic), fertility restoration, nutritional enhancements, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, altered fatty acid profile, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, industrial enhancements, yield stability, yield enhancement, disease resistance (bacterial, fungal, or viral), insect resistance, and herbicide resistance. The specific gene may be any known in the art or listed herein, including but not limited to a polynucleotide conferring resistance to an ALS-inhibitor herbicide, imidazolinone, sulfonylurea, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, glyphosate, glufosinate, triazine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba, broxynil, metribuzin, or benzonitrile herbicides; a polynucleotide encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis polypeptide, a polynucleotide encoding a phytase, a fatty acid desaturase (e.g., FAD-2, FAD-3), galactinol synthase, a raffinose synthetic enzyme; or a polynucleotide conferring resistance to tipburn, Fusarium oxysporum, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum or other plant pathogens.

Foreign Protein Genes and Agronomic Genes

By means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of radish, the expression of genes can be altered to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic, nutritional quality, and other traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to radish, as well as non-native DNA sequences, can be transformed into radish and used to alter levels of native or non-native proteins. Various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the genome for the purpose of altering the expression of proteins. Reduction of the activity of specific genes (also known as gene silencing or gene suppression) is desirable for several aspects of genetic engineering in plants.

Many techniques for gene silencing are well known to one of skill in the art, including, but not limited to, knock-outs (such as by insertion of a transposable element such as mu (Vicki Chandler, The Maize Handbook, Ch. 118 (Springer-Verlag 1994)) or other genetic elements such as a FRT and Lox that are used for site specific integrations, antisense technology (see, e.g., Sheehy, et al., PNAS USA, 85:8805-8809 (1988); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065, 5,453,566, and 5,759,829); co-suppression (e.g., Taylor, Plant Cell, 9:1245 (1997); Jorgensen, Trends Biotech., 8(12):340-344 (1990); Flavell, PNAS USA, 91:3490-3496 (1994); Finnegan, et al., Bio/Technology, 12:883-888 (1994); Neuhuber, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 244:230-241 (1994)); RNA interference (Napoli, et al., Plant Cell, 2:279-289 (1990); U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323; Sharp, Genes Dev., 13:139-141 (1999); Zamore, et al., Cell, 101:25-33 (2000); Montgomery, et al., PNAS USA, 95:15502-15507 (1998)), virus-induced gene silencing (Burton, et al., Plant Cell, 12:691-705 (2000); Baulcombe, Curr. Op. Plant Bio., 2:109-113 (1999)); target-RNA-specific ribozymes (Haseloff, et al., Nature, 334: 585-591 (1988)); hairpin structures (Smith, et al., Nature, 407:319-320 (2000); WO 99/53050; WO 98/53083); MicroRNA (Aukerman & Sakai, Plant Cell, 15:2730-2741 (2003)); ribozymes (Steinecke, et al., EMBO J., 11:1525 (1992); Perriman, et al., Antisense Res. Dev., 3:253 (1993)); oligonucleotide mediated targeted modification (e.g., WO 03/076574 and WO 99/25853); Zn-finger targeted molecules (e.g., WO 01/52620, WO 03/048345, and WO 00/42219); and other methods or combinations of the above methods known to those of skill in the art.

Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic genes can be expressed in transformed plants. More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Exemplary nucleotide sequences and/or native loci that confer at least one trait of interest, which optionally may be conferred or altered by genetic engineering, transformation or introgression of a transformed event include, but are not limited to, those categorized below:

1. Genes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode:

A. Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al., Science 266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum); Martin et al., Science 262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al., Cell 78:1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae).

B. A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., Gene 48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding 6-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998.

C. A lectin. See, for example, the disclosure by Van Damme et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin genes.

D. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See PCT application US93/06487, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.

E. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor), Huub et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I), Sumitani et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus α-amylase inhibitor).

F. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al., Nature 344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.

G. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan, J. Biol. Chem. 269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor), and Pratt et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified in Diploptera puntata). See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., who disclose genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.

H. An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see Pang et al., Gene 116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide.

I. An enzyme responsible for a hyper accumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.

J. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT application WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also Kramer et al., Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hookworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene.

K. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al., Plant Physiol. 104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.

L. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT application WO 95/16776 (disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT application WO 95/18855 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance), the respective contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

M. A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes et al., Plant Sci 89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β, lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum.

N. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., Ann. rev. Phytopathol. 28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.

O. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. Cf Taylor et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions (Edinburgh, Scotland) (1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments).

P. A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., Nature 366:469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.

Q. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo α-1, 4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb et al., Bio/Technology 10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a celery endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al., Plant J. 2:367 (1992).

R. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al., Bio/Technology 10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease.

S. A lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV) coat protein gene introduced into radish in order to increase its resistance to LMV infection. See Dinant et al., Molecular Breeding. 1997, 3: 1, 75-86.

T. Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis-related genes. Briggs, S., Current Biology, 5(2) (1995).

U. Antifungal genes. See Cornelissen and Melchers, Plant Physiol., 101:709-712 (1993); Parijs et al., Planta 183:258-264 (1991) and Bushnell et al., Can. J. of Plant Path. 20(2):137-149 (1998).

V. Genes that confer resistance to Phytophthora root rot, such as the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps 1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps 3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7 and other Rps genes. See, for example, Shoemaker et al., Phytophthora Root Rot Resistance Gene Mapping in Soybean, Plant Genome IV Conference, San Diego, Calif. (1995).

2. Genes that Confer Resistance to an Herbicide:

A. An herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al., EMBO J. 7:1241 (1988), and Miki et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 80:449 (1990), respectively.

B. Glyphosate (resistance impaired by mutant 5-enolpyruvlshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase, PAT and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin-acetyl transferase, bar, genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah, et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPs which can confer glyphosate resistance. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC accession number 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. See also Umaballava-Mobapathie in Transgenic Research. 1999, 8: 1, 33-44 that discloses Lactuca sativa resistant to glufosinate. European patent application No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al., disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyltransferase gene is provided in European application No. 0 242 246 to Leemans et al., DeGreef et al., Bio/Technology 7:61 (1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:435 (1992).

C. An herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al., Plant Cell 3:169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonas with plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441, and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al., Biochem. J. 285:173 (1992).

D. Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants. See Hattori et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 246:419, 1995. Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al., Plant Physiol., 106:17, 1994), genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 36:1687, 1995), and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 20:619, 1992).

E. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO; protox) is the target of the PPO-inhibitor class of herbicides; a PPO-inhibitor resistant PPO gene was recently identified in Amaranthus tuberculatus (Patzoldt et al., PNAS, 103(33):12329-2334, 2006). PPO is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306, 6,282,837, 5,767,373, and International Publication WO 01/12825.

F. Genes that confer resistance to auxin or synthetic auxin herbicides. For example an aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD) gene may confer resistance to arlyoxyalkanoate herbicides, such as 2,4-D, as well as pyridyloxyacetate herbicides, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,522, and US2013/0035233. In other examples, a dicamba monooxygenase (DMO) is used to confer resistance to dicamba. Other polynucleotides of interest related to auxin herbicides and/or uses thereof include, for example, the descriptions found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,119,380; 7,812,224; 7,884,262; 7,855,326; 7,939,721; 7,105,724; 7,022,896; 8,207,092; US2011/067134; and US2010/0279866. Any of the above listed herbicide genes (1-6) can be introduced into the claimed radish cultivar through a variety of means including, but not limited to, transformation and crossing.

3. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait, Such as:

A. Increased iron content of the radish, for example by transforming a plant with a soybean ferritin gene as described in Goto et al., Acta Horticulturae. 2000, 521, 101-109.

B. Decreased nitrate content of leaves, for example by transforming a radish with a gene coding for a nitrate reductase. See for example Curtis et al., Plant Cell Report. 1999, 18:11, 889-896.

C. Increased sweetness of the radish by transferring a gene coding for monellin that elicits a flavor 100,000 times sweeter than sugar on a molar basis. See Penarrubia et al., Biotechnology. 1992, 10:5, 561-564.

D. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2625 (1992).

E. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., J. Bacteriol. 170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutants fructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 20:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene), Pen et al., Bio/Technology 10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus lichenifonnis α-amylase), Elliot et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes), Søgaard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene), and Fisher et al., Plant Physiol. 102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II).

F. Altered antioxidant content or composition, such as alteration of tocopherol or tocotrienols. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,787,683, 7,154,029, WO 00/68393 (involving the manipulation of antioxidant levels through alteration of a phytl prenyl transferase (ppt)); WO 03/082899 (through alteration of a homogentisate geranyl geranyl transferase (hggt)).

4. Genes that Control Male-Sterility

A. Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N—Ac-PPT. See international publication WO 01/29237.

B. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See international publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957.

C. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar genes. See Paul et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 19:611-622, 1992).

For additional examples of nuclear male and female sterility systems and genes, see also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341, 6,297,426, 5,478,369, 5,824,524, 5,850,014, and 6,265,640, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

5. Genes that Affect Abiotic Stress Resistance

Genes that affect abiotic stress resistance (including but not limited to flowering, seed development, enhancement of nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance or tolerance, high or low light intensity, and salt resistance or tolerance) and increased yield under stress. For example, see: WO 00/73475 where water use efficiency is altered through alteration of malate; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,009, 5,965,705, 5,929,305, 5,891,859, 6,417,428, 6,664,446, 6,706,866, 6,717,034, 6,801,104, WO 2000/060089, WO 2001/026459, WO 2001/035725, WO 2001/034726, WO 2001/035727, WO 2001/036444, WO 2001/036597, WO 2001/036598, WO 2002/015675, WO 2002/017430, WO 2002/077185, WO 2002/079403, WO 2003/013227, WO 2003/013228, WO 2003/014327, WO 2004/031349, WO 2004/076638, WO 98/09521, and WO 99/38977 describing genes, including CBF genes and transcription factors effective in mitigating the negative effects of freezing, high salinity, and drought on plants, as well as conferring other positive effects on plant phenotype; U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0148654 and WO 01/36596, where abscisic acid is altered in plants resulting in improved plant phenotype, such as increased yield and/or increased tolerance to abiotic stress; WO 2000/006341, WO 04/090143, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,531,723 and 6,992,237, where cytokinin expression is modified resulting in plants with increased stress tolerance, such as drought tolerance, and/or increased yield. See also, WO 02/02776, WO 2003/052063, JP 2002281975, U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,153, WO 01/64898, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,177,275 and 6,107,547 (enhancement of nitrogen utilization and altered nitrogen responsiveness). For ethylene alteration, see, U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0128719, 2003/0166197, and WO 2000/32761. For plant transcription factors or transcriptional regulators of abiotic stress, see, e.g., U.S. Publ. Nos. 2004/0098764 or 2004/0078852.

Other genes and transcription factors that affect plant growth and agronomic traits, such as yield, flowering, plant growth, and/or plant structure, can be introduced or introgressed into plants. See, e.g., WO 97/49811 (LHY), WO 98/56918 (ESD4), WO 97/10339, U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,430 (TFL), 6,713,663 (FT), 6,794,560, 6,307,126 (GAI), WO 96/14414 (CON), WO 96/38560, WO 01/21822 (VRN1), WO 00/44918 (VRN2), WO 99/49064 (GI), WO 00/46358 (FRI), WO 97/29123, WO 99/09174 (D8 and Rht), WO 2004/076638, and WO 004/031349 (transcription factors).

Tissue Culture

Further reproduction of the cultivar can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of plants and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, see Teng et al., HortScience. 1992, 27:9, 1030-1032 Teng et al., HortScience. 1993, 28:6, 669-1671, Zhang et al., Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 1992, 46:3, 287-290, Webb et al., Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 1994, 38:1, 77-79, Curtis et al., Journal of Experimental Botany. 1994, 45:279, 1441-1449, Nagata et al., Journal for the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2000, 125:6, 669-672. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce radish plants having all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of radish variety TBG 38.

As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as embryos, hypocotyls, pollen, flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, root tips, pistils, anthers, meristematic cells and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185; 5,973,234 and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Industrial Uses of Radish Cultivar TBG 38

Radish may be used in a variety of manners including but not limited to, use in salads, soups, vegetable trays, or garnish, served raw, cooked, stir-fried, pickled, baked or frozen, and/or as a commodity plant product.

Tables

Table 2 shows a comparison of radish cultivar TBG 38 to radish variety ‘French Breakfast’ from a trial grown in Belle Glade, Fla. evaluated on Nov. 13, 2014 at 34 days maturity. Table 2, column 1 shows the variety, column 2 shows the leaf diameter in millimeters (mm), column 3 shows the leaf length in millimeters (mm), column 4 shows the hypocotyl diameter in millimeters (mm), column 5 shows the L/D ratio of the hypocotyl, column 6 shows the percent (%) of the hypocotyl with pith, column 7 shows the percent (%) of the hypocotyl with interior color, and column 8 shows the average hypocotyl weight in grams (g).

TABLE 2 Avg Leaf Leaf Hypocotyl % w/ Hypocotyl Diameter Length Diameter L/D % w/ Interior Wt Variety (mm) (mm) (mm) Ratio Pith Color (g) TBG 38 58.9 357.5 23.7 2.6 0 93 19.4 French 108.8 391.6 31.7 2.0 67 13 31.6 Breakfast 3

As shown in Table 2, when compared to variety ‘French Breakfast’, radish cultivar TBG 38 has a smaller leaf diameter and length, a smaller hypocotyl diameter, a higher L/D ratio, no pith, greater interior color and a smaller average hypocotyl weight.

Table 3 shows a comparison of radish cultivar TBG 38 to radish variety ‘French Breakfast’ from a trial grown in Belle Glade, Fla. evaluated on Apr. 25, 2016 at 32 days maturity. Table 3, column 1 shows the variety, column 2 shows the leaf diameter in millimeters (mm), column 3 shows the leaf length in millimeters (mm), column 4 shows the hypocotyl diameter in millimeters (mm), column 5 shows the L/D ratio of the hypocotyl, column 6 shows the percent (%) of the hypocotyls with pith, column 7 shows the percent (%) of the hypocotyl with interior color, and column 8 shows the average hypocotyl weight in grams (g).

TABLE 3 Avg Leaf Leaf Hypocotyl % w/ Hypocotyl Diameter Length Diameter L/D % w/ Interior Wt Variety (mm) (mm) (mm) Ratio Pith Color (g) TBG 38 47.5 236.3 19.5 2.7 27 100 12.9 French 76.3 316.9 27.9 1.8 93 0 21.5 Breakfast 3

As shown in Table 3, when compared to variety ‘French Breakfast’, radish cultivar TBG 38 has a smaller leaf diameter and length, a smaller hypocotyl diameter, a higher L/D ratio, much less pith, greater interior color and a smaller average hypocotyl weight.

Table 4 shows a comparison of radish cultivar TBG 38 to radish variety ‘Cardinal’ from a trial grown in Belle Glade, Fla. evaluated on Feb. 26, 2017 at 35 days maturity. Table 4, column 1 shows the variety, column 2 shows the leaf diameter in millimeters (mm), column 3 shows the leaf length in millimeters (mm), column 4 shows the number (#) of leaves, column 5 shows the L/D ratio of the hypocotyl, column 6 shows the percent (%) of hypocotyls with pith, column 7 shows the percent (%) of hypocotyls with interior color, and column 8 shows the average hypocotyl weight in grams (g).

TABLE 4 Avg Leaf Leaf % w/ Hypocotyl Diameter Length L/D % w/ Interior Wt Variety (mm) (mm) # Leaves Ratio Pith Color (g) TBG 38 65.5 226 10 2.7 0 100 20 Cardinal 85.9 312 8 2.2 80 0 12

As shown in Table 4, when compared to variety ‘Cardinal’, radish cultivar TBG 38 has a smaller leaf diameter and length, greater number of leaves, a higher L/D ratio, no pith, greater interior color and a larger average hypocotyl weight.

Table 5 shows the hypocotyl weight in grams (g) of various radish varieties compared to radish cultivar TBG 38 grown in Belle Glade, Fla. Table 5, column 1 shows the variety, column 2 shows the results on Feb. 14, 2013 at 28 days maturity, column 3 shows the results on Nov. 15, 2013 at 35 days maturity, column 4 shows the results on Nov. 13, 2014 at 34 days maturity, column 5 shows the results on Feb. 26, 2015 at 35 days maturity, column 6 shows the results on Apr. 25, 2016 at 32 days maturity, and column 7 shows the results on Feb. 26, 2017 at 35 days maturity.

TABLE 5 Age (days) 28 35 34 35 32 35 Date Variety Feb. 14, 2013 Nov. 15, 2013 Nov. 13, 2014 Feb. 26, 2015 Apr. 25, 2016 Feb. 26, 2017 TBG 38 11.24 10.79 19.4 17.92 12.85 19.54 Red Silk 16.42 11.4 19.8 16.65 26.6 21.44 French Breakfast 3 22.86 12.51 31.6 15.5 21.48 Cherry Belle 19.8 23.1 17.42 25.6 22.85 Cardinal 11.78

As shown in Table 5, radish cultivar TBG 38 has a smaller hypocotyl weight than the comparison varieties.

The use of the terms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) is to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if the range 10-15 is disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

DEPOSIT INFORMATION

A deposit of the radish cultivar seed of this invention is maintained by A. Duda & Sons, Inc., 1200 Duda Trail, Oviedo, Fla. 32765, U.S.A. Access to this deposit will be available during the pendency of this application to persons determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 CFR § 1.14 and 35 USC § 122. Upon allowance of any claims in this application, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the variety will be irrevocably removed by affording access to a deposit of at least 2,500 seeds of the same variety with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110 or National Collections of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB), 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 3RY, United Kingdom.

While a number of exemplary aspects and embodiments have been discussed above, those of skill in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations thereof. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such modifications, permutations, additions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A seed, plant or a plant part thereof of radish cultivar designated TBG 38, wherein a representative sample of seed of said cultivar has been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______.
 2. A radish plant or a plant part thereof, having essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the radish plant of claim
 1. 3. A tissue culture of cells produced from the plant of claim 1, wherein said cells of the tissue culture are produced from a plant part selected from the group consisting of leaf, pollen, ovule, embryo, root, root tip, anther, pistil, flower, cotyledon, hypocotyl, meristematic cell, seed, shoot, stem and petiole.
 4. A radish plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 3, wherein the regenerated plant has all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG
 38. 5. A method for producing a radish seed, wherein the method comprises crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a different radish plant and harvesting the resultant radish seed.
 6. A radish seed produced by the method of claim
 5. 7. A radish plant, or a plant part thereof, produced by growing the radish seed of claim
 6. 8. The method of claim 5, wherein at least one of said radish plants is transgenic.
 9. A method of producing an herbicide resistant radish plant, wherein said method comprises introducing a gene conferring herbicide resistance into the plant of claim 1, wherein the herbicide resistance is selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor herbicides and broxynil.
 10. An herbicide resistant radish plant produced by the method of claim
 9. 11. A method of producing a pest or insect resistant radish plant, wherein said method comprises introducing a gene conferring pest or insect resistance into the plant of claim
 1. 12. A pest or insect resistant radish plant produced by the method of claim
 11. 13. The radish plant of claim 12, wherein the gene encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin.
 14. A method of producing a disease resistant radish plant, wherein said method comprises introducing a gene conferring disease resistance into the plant of claim
 1. 15. A disease resistant radish plant produced by the method of claim
 14. 16. A method for producing a male sterile radish plant, wherein said method comprises transforming the plant of claim 1 with a nucleic acid molecule that confers male sterility.
 17. A male sterile radish plant produced by the method of claim
 16. 18. A method for producing a genetically modified radish plant, wherein the method comprises mutation, transformation, gene conversion, genome editing, RNA interference or gene silencing of the plant of claim
 1. 19. A genetically modified radish plant produced by the method of claim 18, wherein the plant comprises the genetic modification and otherwise comprises essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG
 38. 20. A method of introducing a desired trait into radish cultivar TBG 38, wherein the method comprises: a) crossing a radish cultivar TBG 38 plant, wherein a representative sample of seed of said cultivar was deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-______, with a plant of another radish cultivar that comprises a desired trait to produce progeny plants, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, resistance for bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, male fertility, water stress tolerance, enhanced nutritional quality, modified protein content, enhanced plant quality, enhanced digestibility and industrial usage; b) selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce selected progeny plants; c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with radish cultivar TBG 38 plants to produce backcross progeny plants; d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait; and e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times in succession to produce selected second or higher backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait.
 21. A radish plant produced by the method of claim 20, wherein the plant has the desired trait and otherwise all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of radish cultivar TBG
 38. 22. The radish plant of claim 21, wherein the desired trait is herbicide resistance and the resistance is conferred to an herbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor herbicides and broxynil.
 23. The radish plant of claim 21, wherein the desired trait is insect resistance and the insect resistance is conferred by a transgene encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.
 24. The radish plant of claim 21, wherein the desired trait is male sterility and the trait is conferred by a cytoplasmic nucleic acid molecule that confers male sterility. 